Model Deradikalisasi Mantan Narapidana Terorisme Melalui Pendekatan Collaborative Governance

Terorisme merupakan kejahatan kemanusiaan dan peradaban serta menjadi salah satu ancaman serius terhadap kedaulatan negara, karena terorisme bersifat internasional yang menimbulkan bahaya terhadap keamanan, perdamaian dunia serta merugikan kesejahteraan masyarakat, sehingga diperlukan upaya pemberantasan secara terencana dan berkesinambungan. Indonesia sebagai negara hukum, berkewajiban memberikan perlindungan hukum kepada seluruh rakyatnya dan berkewajiban menjaga keamanan dan ketertiban. Diperlukan upaya preventif, penindakan dan deradikalisasi secara terus menerus yang dilandasi dengan prinsip perlindungan HAM dan prinsip kehati-hatian. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah: (1) Mengapa pelaksanaan deradikalisasi mantan narapidana terorisme di Indonesia belum efektif? (2) Bagaimana pengaturan deradikalisasi mantan narapidana terorisme di Indonesia saat ini? (3) Bagaimana model deradikalisasi mantan narapidana terorisme melalui pendekatan collaborative governance? Metode penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma kualitatif-konstruktivisme dan mengacu pada jenis penelitian hukum empiris, dengan melakukan wawancara dengan belasan narasumber dan observasi (data primer) serta memanfaatkan penelitian kepustakaan (data sekunder). Sehingga Penelitian ini melakukan kajian terhadap sejumlah peraturan dan perundang-undangan mengenai deradikalisasi mantan Napiter dan bagaimana implementasi, pelaksanaan peraturan dan perundang-undangan tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukan: (1) Pelaksanaan deradikalisasi mantan narapidana terorisme di Indonesia belum efektif dikarenakan faktor internal, yaitu pihak napiter dan mantan napiter yang tidak mengikuti program deradikalisasi sehingga masih menganut ideologi ekstrem, serta faktor ekstrenal yakni adanya program deradikalisasi yang berjalan ad hoc dan tidak berkesinambungan dan minimnya kolaborasi di antara K/L, pemerintah dan non pemerintah. (2) Pengaturan deradikalisasi mantan narapidana terorisme di Indonesia saat ini mengalami perbaikan dan peningkatan dari tahun ke tahun. Hal itu terlihat dari beberapa aspek antara lain pada aspek pengaturan telah lahir Rencana Aksi Nasional Pencegahan Ekstremisme (RAN PE) tahun 2021 dan Rencana Aksi Daerah (RAD PE) di berbagai daerah yang menjadi dasar hukum atau acuan para stakholder dalam merencanakan, melaksanakan dan bekerjasama dalam penanggulangan terorisme dan deradikalisasi mantan Napiter. (3) Model deradikalisasi mantan narapidana terorisme melalui pendekatan collaborative governance dapat menjadi solusi bagi BNPT, Densus 88, dan berbagai lembaga pemerintah maupun non pemerintah. Penelitian ini kemudian menawarkan novelty model deradikalisasi mantan Napiter melalui pendekatan collaborative governance yang berdasar atas Pancasila dan UUD 1945, mengacu pada pasal 43 D UU No. 5 tahun 2018 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Terorism, pasal 56 UU No. 22 tahun 2022 tentang Pemasyarakatan dan Pasal 47 PP No. 77 tahun 2019 tentang Perlindungan Aparat Penegak Hukum (Apgakum).
===========================================================

Terrorism is a crime against humanity and civilization and has been become the very serious threat to state sovereignty for it’s nature as the international networks and actions, which poses a danger to security, peace as well as is very detrimental to the welfare of society. Therefore, planned and continuous strategic eradication efforts are needed. Indonesia, as the law based state, is obliged to provide legal protection to all its people and is obliged to maintain security and order. Continuous preventive, enforcement and de-radicalization efforts are needed which are based on the principle of human rights protections and the precautionary actions. The problems in this research are: (1) Why has the implementation of deradicalization of former terrorist inmates in Indonesia not been effective? (2) What are the current arrangements for deradicalization of former terrorist inmates in Indonesia? (3) What is the model for deradicalization of former terrorist inmates through the collaborative governance approach? This research method uses a qualitative-constructivist paradigm and refers to the empirical legal research, by conducting interviews with dozens of informants and observing former terrorists activities (as the primary data sources) and utilizing library research (as the secondary data). So this research conducted a study on the regulations of the deradicalization of former terorists inmates and it’s implementations. The results of the research show that: (1) The implementation of deradicalization of Indoensian former terorists inmates has not been effective because it is influenced by internal factors, namely prisoners and ex-inmates who do not participate in the deradicalization program so they still adhere to extreme ideologies, as well as external factors, namely the existence of deradicalization programs that run ad hoc. and unsustainability and minimal collaboration between ministries/institutions, government and non-government. (2) The arrangements for the deradicalization of former terorists inmates in Indonesia are currently going improvements, including the regulatory aspect, for instance, that the 2021 National Action Plan for Preventing Violent Extremism (RAN PE) and Regional Action Plans (RAD PE) have issued in various regions which have become the legal basis or reference for stakeholders in planning, implementing and collaborating in various fields of counter-terrorism, including deradicalization of former convicts. (3) The deradicalization model of former terorists inmates through the collaborative governance approach can be a solution for BNPT, Densus 88, and various government and non-government institutions. This research then offers a novelty: Deradicalization Model of Former Terroist Inmates through the collaborative governance approach, which is based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, referring to the article 43 D of Terrorism Law No. 5 of 2018, article 56 of Correction Law No. 22 of 2022 and Article 47 of PP on Law Officer Protection No. 77 of 2019